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| Created: | Feb 16, 2026 at 8:21 p.m. (UTC) | |
| Last updated: | Feb 16, 2026 at 11:26 p.m. (UTC) | |
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| Sharing Status: | Public |
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Abstract
In Hawaiʻi, groundwater draining from wetter, high-recharge uplands provides virtually all drinking water and delivers freshwater nutrients (as well as contaminants) to ecosystems in the nearshore environment. Despite the importance of groundwater, its hidden nature makes it difficult to observe and quantify, which results in a poor understanding of its spatiotemporal dynamics from the uplands to the coast. We combine a storage-discharge approach with a long-term (7+ years) water balance to quantify the relationship between groundwater and stream discharge in 11 (USGS-gaged) watersheds across the Hawaiian Islands. We then use each watershed’s unique storage-discharge relationship to resolve daily estimates of catchment storage and the ‘groundwater leakage’ flux emanating from the watersheds. The resolved mean specific daily leakage is consistent with compiled measurements of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) at the coast downstream of the 11 watersheds and reflected in the hydraulic connectivity between leakage and head response in a basal aquifer. Example groundwater leakage hydrographs from Hālawa (Oʻahu) and Waiākea (Hawaiʻi) watersheds resolve temporal dynamics of flow moving below the urban centers of Honolulu and Hilo, where contaminants enter aquifers, poison drinking water, and degrade coastal environments. By resolving groundwater leakage at a daily timestep, we reveal a previously hidden portion of the hydrologic cycle that can inform modeling of water resources and water quality in leaky watersheds in Hawai‘i and beyond.
Subject Keywords
Coverage
Spatial
Temporal
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This resource is shared under the Creative Commons Attribution CC BY.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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