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Analysis of Fixture Efficiency and Behavioral Factors of Indoor Residential Water Use of Single-Family Households


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Created: Dec 23, 2025 at 3:08 a.m. (UTC)
Last updated: Dec 23, 2025 at 8:53 a.m. (UTC)
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Abstract

This repository contains datasets, code, and modeling results supporting the paper "Analysis of Fixture Efficiency and Behavioral Factors of Indoor Residential Water Use of Single-Family Households." The data includes city shapefiles, weather data, and aggregated city-level behavioral and fixture efficiency factors. The repository also includes detailed statistical test results examining differences in household attributes across clusters, and results of mixed effects linear regression models examining the relationships between water use patterns, user behavior and fixture efficiency factors, and a host of house and household attributes. The repository provides R scripts implementing mixed effects and generalized estimating equation models, along with Python Jupyter Notebooks for data processing, clustering, statistical testing, and visualization. This resource enables researchers to explore factors differentiating high and low water-using households, the relative importance of fixture efficiency versus behavior, and the effects of household size and weather variations on residential water consumption patterns across more than 33,000 households throughout the US.

Subject Keywords

Coverage

Spatial

Coordinate System/Geographic Projection:
WGS 84 EPSG:4326
Coordinate Units:
Decimal degrees
Place/Area Name:
Conterminous United States
North Latitude
49.5840°
East Longitude
-66.0059°
South Latitude
24.4896°
West Longitude
-125.0684°

Temporal

Start Date:
End Date:

Content

Readme.txt

This repository contains data and code associated with the manuscript "Analysis of Fixture Efficiency and Behavioral Factors of Indoor Residential Water Use of Single-Family Households." The repository is organized into three main folders: Data, Code, and Results, as detailed below.

## Data

### 1. City_shapefile
- Contains metropolitan statistical area (MSA) shapefiles

### 2. Flume
- Contains two Excel files with aggregated city-level data:
  - User behavior factors
  - Fixture efficiency factors
- **Flume_Inc_&_Mayer_2022.pdf**: Technical report describing Flume's data analysis methodology (Flume Inc., & Mayer, P., 2022). This report is cited in the Supplementary Information section of the manuscript

### 3. PRISM
- Contains raster weather data from PRISM (Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model)
- Includes both raw and processed weather data
- Processed (tabular format) weather data are available in `weather_vars_process.csv`. Each weather variable in this file represents the average of pixels for each day within each city

## Code

### R Scripts
1. **ME.R**
   - Runs the mixed effects models for research questions two and three
   - Note: The dataframes used to run this code are not included due to privacy reasons. Refer to the Data Availability Statement in the manuscript for details

2. **GEE.R**
   - Runs the generalized estimating equation models for research questions two and three
   - Note: The dataframes used to run this code are not included due to privacy reasons. Refer to the Data Availability Statement in the manuscript for details

### Python Jupyter Notebooks
1. **Prism_&_ACS_data.ipynb**
   - Used to access and/or process the PRISM and US Census data

2. **Clustering.ipynb**
   - Conducts the kmeans and functional kmeans clustering
   - Visualizes clustering results

3. **Statistical_tests.ipynb**
   - Visualizes the statistical tests results used to answer research question one

4. **ME_models_visuals.ipynb**
   - Visualizes the results of the Mixed Effects models for research questions two and three

5. **GEE_models_visual.ipynb**
   - Visualizes the results of the Generalized Estimating Equation models for research questions two and three

## Results

### 1. statistical_test_results_and_descriptive_stats
- Contains detailed results from Chi-square tests of independence (for categorical variables)
- Contains detailed results from Kruskal-Wallis tests (for continuous variables)
- Includes descriptive statistics for both categorical and continuous variables across household categories
- Used to answer research question one in the manuscript

### 2. linear_modeling_results
- Contains detailed results of GEE (Generalized Estimating Equation) models
- Contains detailed results of ME (Mixed Effects) models
- Includes parameter estimates and level of uncertainty
- Includes model diagnostics (e.g., variance inflation factors) for each model described in the manuscript

Related Resources

This resource updates and replaces a previous version Naseri, M. Y., G. Bernosky, P. Mayer, L. Marston (2025). Analysis of Fixture Efficiency and Behavioral Factors of Indoor Residential Water Use of Single-Family Households, HydroShare, http://www.hydroshare.org/resource/7d807be52063411ab0040c719e77e7cb

Credits

Funding Agencies

This resource was created using funding from the following sources:
Agency Name Award Title Award Number
National Science Foundation (NSF) CAREER: Advancing Water Sustainability and Economic Resilience through Research and Education: An Integrated Systems Approach CBET-2144169
Global Change Center (GCC) and the Institute for Society, Culture and Environment (ISCE) at Virginia Tech
Edna Bailey Sussman fellowship
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Reanalyzing and predicting U.S. water use by economic history and forecast data; an experiment in short-range national hydroeconomic data synthesis G20AP00002

How to Cite

Naseri, M. Y., G. Bernosky, P. Mayer, L. Marston (2025). Analysis of Fixture Efficiency and Behavioral Factors of Indoor Residential Water Use of Single-Family Households, HydroShare, http://www.hydroshare.org/resource/3dce7ad4d8314436b1c22d66a5979590

This resource is shared under the Creative Commons Attribution CC BY.

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
CC-BY

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