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Sulfate concentrations in Dead Run riparian soils, Baltimore County, MD, USA

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Created:	Oct 07, 2024 at 2:34 a.m. (UTC)
Last updated:	Oct 03, 2026 at 6:23 p.m. (UTC)
Citation:	See how to cite this resource
Content types:	CSV Content

Sharing Status:	Public
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Abstract

Repeated baseflow synoptic sampling of the Dead Run stream network in Baltimore County, MD USA from 2021-2024 revealed unexpectedly high concentrations of sulfate at locations where headwater streams emerge from concrete drain pipes to natural stream channels. To link stream sulfate concentrations to potential source materials, we embarked on a program of sampling riparian soils near identified stream “hot spot” locations. From spring 2024 to summer 2025, 32 soil core samples were collected from five locations in Dead Run. Soil cores of ~ 1 m in depth were collected 2 m downstream of pipe outfalls at approximately the same longitudinal location where the stream had been sampled for sulfate. At each location, cores were collected on both sides of the stream at distances of ~ 1 m, 3 m, and 6 m from the stream edge, with one control sample collected where possible (up to 7 cores in total at each location). A soil extraction procedure using a 0.01M CaCl2 solution was used to elute sulfate from 0.17-m sections of soil samples. Chemical analysis of the extract was carried out using a YSI 9500 Photometer and subsequently a Thermo-Scientific Inuvion Ion Chromatography system. ANOVA statistical analysis was conducted using Rstudio, which revealed proximity of the sample to the stream and depth of the sample as being statistically significant factors related to the concentration of extractable sulfate. Riparian soil sulfate concentrations ranged from 2.0 mg SO4/kg soil to 740 mg SO4/kg soil. Higher sulfate core sample concentrations were detected within ~ 1 m from the stream edge and increased with depth. Analysis of mortar and concrete aggregate collected from the streambed near core sampling sites revealed concentrations from 270 mg SO4/kg sample to 3400 mg SO4/kg sample. The mortar and concrete aggregate samples suggest potential base flow interactions with anthropogenic sources of sulfate within the headwater streams of Dead Run. Differences between sulfate in control samples and riparian soil samples indicate that stream and soil interactions could lead to increased soil sulfate concentrations.

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Coverage

Spatial

Coordinate System/Geographic Projection:

WGS 84 EPSG:4326

Coordinate Units:

Decimal degrees

Place/Area Name:

Woodlawn, Maryland, USA

North Latitude

39.3388°

East Longitude

-76.7143°

South Latitude

39.2837°

West Longitude

-76.7675°

Temporal

Start Date:
End Date:

Content

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Readme.txt

# Site Information								
# ---------------------------------- 								
# SiteCode: DRSN_564x.y								
# SiteName: DeadRun synoptic location 564 in trib DR1
# Latitude:  39.3307783	
# Longitude: -76.7522043
# LatLonDatum: NAD83 
# ElevationDatum: NAVD88  
# State: Maryland 
# County: Baltimore 
# Comments: Core locations are adjacent to the stream at Dead Run DRSN sites. See list below for SiteCode and distance below land surface.  
# SiteType: Test hole not completed as a well. Elevations provided with data. 																
#
# SiteCode: DRSN_415x.y									
# SiteName: DeadRun synoptic location 415 in trib DR2A
# Latitude: 39.315915	
# Longitude: -76.75868
# LatLonDatum: NAD83 
# ElevationDatum: NAVD88  
# State: Maryland 
# County: Baltimore 
# Comments: Core locations are adjacent to the stream at Dead Run DRSN sites. See list below for SiteCode and distance below land surface. 
# SiteType: Test hole not completed as a well. Elevations provided with data. 																
#								
# SiteCode: DRSN_334x.y									
# SiteName: DeadRun synoptic location 334 in trib DR2
# Latitude:  39.323514	
# Longitude:  -76.75439
# LatLonDatum: NAD83 
# ElevationDatum: NAVD88  
# State: Maryland 
# County: Baltimore 
# Comments: Core locations are adjacent to the stream at Dead Run DRSN sites. See list below for SiteCode and distance below land surface. 
# SiteType: Test hole not completed as a well. Elevations provided with data. 																
#								
# SiteCode: DRSN_334.2x.y									
# SiteName: DeadRun synoptic location 334.2 in trib DR2, upstream of 334, in detention basin
# Latitude: 39.323514
# Longitude: -76.75439
# LatLonDatum: NAD83 
# ElevationDatum: NAVD88  
# State: Maryland 
# County: Baltimore 
# Comments: Core locations are adjacent to the stream at Dead Run DRSN sites. See list below for SiteCode and distance below land surface. 
# SiteType: Test hole not completed as a well. Elevations provided with data. 																
#								
# SiteCode: DRSN_684x.y									
# SiteName: DeadRun synoptic location 684 in trib DR6B
# Latitude: 39.305778	
# Longitude: -76.751651
# LatLonDatum: NAD83 
# ElevationDatum: NAVD88  
# State: Maryland 
# County: Baltimore 
# Comments: Core locations are adjacent to the stream at Dead Run DRSN sites. See list below for SiteCode and distance below land surface. 
# SiteType: Test hole not completed as a well. Elevations provided with data. 																
#								
# SiteCode: DRSN_432.5x.y									
# SiteName: DeadRun synoptic location 432.5 in trib DR2B
# Latitude: 39.316931	 
# Longitude: -76.749213
# LatLonDatum: NAD83 
# ElevationDatum: NAVD88  
# State: Maryland 
# County: Baltimore 
# Comments: Core locations are adjacent to the stream at Dead Run DRSN sites. See list below for SiteCode and distance below land surface. 
# SiteType: Test hole not completed as a well. Elevations provided with data. 																
#																
# Variable and Method Information 								
# ---------------------------------- 								
# VariableCode: Avg_SO4
# VariableCode: StdDev_SO4								
# VariableName: Sulfate
# VariableUnitsName: milligrams of sulfate per kilogram of soil
# VariableUnitsType: mass per mass
# VariableUnitsAbbreviation: mg/kg
#
# ValueType: Sample
# DataType: Sporadic
# DataType: Average
# DataType: StandardDeviation
#
# GeneralCategory: Soil  
# SampleMedium: Soil
# NoDataValue: -9999  								
# 								
# MethodCode: Soil_extraction								
# MethodDescription: Modified soil extraction procedure provided by Maya Gomes at JHU. Soil sample was air dried, then oven dried at 105˚F, ground with a mortar and pestle, and sieved to a 2 mm size fraction. 10 g of sample passing the 2 mm sieve was extracted with 50 g of 0.01 M CaCl2. Extraction proceeded by combining the 0.01 M CaCl2 with the soil sample in a screw-top vial, mixing the closed vial on a rotisserie, and then centrifuging the vial. The eluent was analyzed for sulfate using ThermoFisher Inuvion ion chromatography system. Results are reported as (mg/L SO4 in eluent * L eluent)/(kg soil).  Details  are provided in accompanying technical report pdf.		
# 								
# Processing Level
#-----------------------------------
# QualityControlLevelCode: QC0
# QualityControlLevelDefinition: Raw data 
# QualityControlLevelExplanation: Raw data  
#
# QualityControlLevelCode: QC1
# QualityControlLevelDefinition: Quality controlled data.
# QualityControlLevelExplanation: Data have passed quality control processing.
#
# Source Information 								
# ---------------------------------- 								
# Organization: University of Maryland, Baltimore County							
# SourceCode: UMBC								
# SourceDescription: Soil core data collected by University of Maryland	Baltimore County as part of a NSF critical zone project. Funding by National Science Foundation. 							
# SourceLink: Null 								
# ContactName: Claire Welty 								
# Email: weltyc@umbc.edu 								
# Citation: Terhune, P., McWilliams, M., Welty, C. (2026). Sulfate concentrations in Dead Run riparian soils, Baltimore County, MD, USA, HydroShare, http://www.hydroshare.org/resource/61ad9b09a8b247349f99c846f9913088			
# 																							
#SiteCode AverageSampleDepthBLS(m) AverageSampleElevationASL(m)
DRSN_564E.1	0.084	133.45
DRSN_564E.2	0.251	133.28
DRSN_564E.3	0.434	133.10
DRSN_564E.4	0.617	132.91
DRSN_564E.5	0.800	132.73
DRSN_564F.1	0.091	133.36
DRSN_564F.2	0.244	133.21
DRSN_564F.3	0.389	133.07
DRSN_564F.4	0.518	132.94
DRSN_564G.1	0.076	133.84
DRSN_564G.2	0.160	133.75
DRSN_564G.3	0.183	133.73
DRSN_564D.1	0.076	133.25
DRSN_564D.2	0.229	133.09
DRSN_564D.3	0.343	132.98
DRSN_564.2.1	0.076	135.86
DRSN_564.2.2	0.236	135.70
DRSN_564.2.3	0.396	135.54
DRSN_564.2.4	0.549	135.39
DRSN_564.2.5	0.716	135.22
DRSN_564.2.6	0.823	135.12
DRSN_415E.1	0.076	124.76
DRSN_415E.2	0.229	124.61
DRSN_415E.3	0.396	124.44
DRSN_415E.4	0.587	124.25
DRSN_415E.5	0.823	124.01
DRSN_415F.1	0.076	124.87
DRSN_415F.2	0.229	124.72
DRSN_415F.3	0.381	124.57
DRSN_415F.4	0.533	124.41
DRSN_415F.5	0.686	124.26
DRSN_415F.6	0.853	124.09
DRSN_415G.1	0.076	125.46
DRSN_415G.2	0.221	125.32
DRSN_415G.3	0.381	125.16
DRSN_415G.4	0.541	125.00
DRSN_415G.5	0.686	124.86
DRSN_415G.6	0.846	124.70
DRSN_415D.1	0.091	124.63
DRSN_415D.2	0.244	124.47
DRSN_415D.3	0.351	124.37
DRSN_415D.4	0.465	124.25
DRSN_415D.5	0.594	124.12
DRSN_415D.6	0.724	123.99
DRSN_415D.7	0.869	123.85
DRSN_415C.1	0.076	124.78
DRSN_415C.2	0.229	124.63
DRSN_415C.3	0.381	124.47
DRSN_415C.4	0.518	124.34
DRSN_415C.5	0.671	124.18
DRSN_415C.6	0.853	124.00
DRSN_415B.1	0.076	124.87
DRSN_415B.2	0.229	124.72
DRSN_415B.3	0.381	124.57
DRSN_415B.4	0.533	124.41
DRSN_415B.5	0.693	124.25
DRSN_415B.6	0.861	124.09
DRSN_415.2.1	0.076	125.81
DRSN_415.2.2	0.229	125.65
DRSN_415.2.3	0.381	125.50
DRSN_415.2.4	0.549	125.33
DRSN_415.2.5	0.709	125.17
DRSN_415.2.6	0.785	125.10
DRSN_334E.1	0.366	129.47
DRSN_334E.2	0.511	129.32
DRSN_334E.3	0.625	129.21
DRSN_334E.4	0.686	129.15
DRSN_334E.5	0.084	130.32
DRSN_334F.1	0.236	130.17
DRSN_334F.2	0.343	130.06
DRSN_334G.1	0.076	131.54
DRSN_334G.2	0.229	131.39
DRSN_334G.3	0.328	131.29
DRSN_334.2D.1	0.076	129.51
DRSN_334.2D.2	0.221	129.36
DRSN_334.2D.3	0.366	129.22
DRSN_334.2D.4	0.495	129.09
DRSN_334.2C.1	0.076	129.44
DRSN_334.2C.2	0.236	129.28
DRSN_334.2C.3	0.396	129.12
DRSN_334.2C.4	0.556	128.96
DRSN_334.2C.5	0.716	128.80
DRSN_334.2C.6	0.869	128.65
DRSN_334.2B.1	0.084	129.57
DRSN_334.2B.2	0.236	129.42
DRSN_334.2B.3	0.381	129.27
DRSN_334.2B.4	0.533	129.12
DRSN_334.2E.1	0.076	129.49
DRSN_334.2E.2	0.221	129.34
DRSN_334.2E.3	0.335	129.23
DRSN_334.2F.1	0.084	129.47
DRSN_334.2F.2	0.236	129.32
DRSN_334.2F.3	0.381	129.17
DRSN_334.2F.4	0.533	129.02
DRSN_334.2F.5	0.625	128.93
DRSN_334.2G.1	0.107	129.46
DRSN_334.2G.2	0.259	129.31
DRSN_334.2G.3	0.366	129.20
DRSN_334.2G.4	0.480	129.09
DRSN_334.2G.5	0.572	129.00
DRSN_684D.1	0.069	127.22
DRSN_684D.2	0.221	127.07
DRSN_684D.3	0.381	126.91
DRSN_684D.4	0.526	126.76
DRSN_684D.5	0.655	126.64
DRSN_684D.6	0.785	126.51
DRSN_684D.7	0.884	126.41
DRSN_684C.1	0.091	127.37
DRSN_684C.2	0.244	127.21
DRSN_684C.3	0.366	127.09
DRSN_684C.4	0.511	126.95
DRSN_684C.5	0.693	126.76
DRSN_684C.6	0.853	126.60
DRSN_684B.1	0.069	127.44
DRSN_684B.2	0.213	127.29
DRSN_684B.3	0.366	127.14
DRSN_684B.4	0.511	126.99
DRSN_684B.5	0.663	126.84
DRSN_684B.6	0.831	126.67
DRSN_684F.1	0.076	127.35
DRSN_684F.2	0.213	127.21
DRSN_684F.3	0.373	127.05
DRSN_684F.4	0.533	126.89
DRSN_684F.5	0.671	126.75
DRSN_684F.6	0.823	126.60
DRSN_684G.1	0.084	127.96
DRSN_684G.2	0.229	127.81
DRSN_684G.3	0.366	127.67
DRSN_684G.4	0.511	127.53
DRSN_684G.5	0.671	127.37
DRSN_684G.6	0.808	127.23
DRSN_684.2.1	0.076	128.24
DRSN_684.2.2	0.229	128.09
DRSN_684.2.3	0.389	127.93
DRSN_684.2.4	0.564	127.76
DRSN_684.2.5	0.724	127.60
DRSN_684.2.6	0.853	127.47
DRSN_432.5D.1	0.107	118.18
DRSN_432.5D.2	0.297	117.99
DRSN_432.5D.3	0.450	117.84
DRSN_432.5D.4	0.579	117.71
DRSN_432.5C.1	0.076	118.59
DRSN_432.5C.2	0.213	118.45
DRSN_432.5C.3	0.366	118.30
DRSN_432.5C.4	0.465	118.20
DRSN_432.5E.1	0.107	117.88
DRSN_432.5E.2	0.259	117.72
DRSN_432.5E.3	0.358	117.62
DRSN_432.5F.1	0.091	117.92
DRSN_432.5F.2	0.251	117.76
DRSN_432.5F.3	0.389	117.62
DRSN_432.5F.4	0.533	117.48
DRSN_432.5F.5	0.678	117.33
DRSN_432.5F.6	0.754	117.26
DRSN_432.5G.1	0.091	118.10
DRSN_432.5G.2	0.251	117.94
DRSN_432.5G.3	0.389	117.81
DRSN_432.5G.4	0.503	117.69
DRSN_432.5G.5	0.610	117.59
DRSN_432.5G.6	0.716	117.48

Related Resources

This resource belongs to the following collections:

Title	Owners	Sharing Status	My Permission
Dead Run Data Collection	Claire Welty · Jack Malone	Discoverable & Shareable	Open Access

Credits

Funding Agencies

This resource was created using funding from the following sources:

Agency Name	Award Title	Award Number
National Science Foundation	Collaborative Research: Network Cluster: Urban Critical Zone processes along the Piedmont-Coastal Plain transition	2012340

Contributors

People or Organizations that contributed technically, materially, financially, or provided general support for the creation of the resource's content but are not considered authors.

Name	Organization	Address	Phone	Author Identifiers
Jack V. Malone	Center for Urban Environmental Research and Education at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County	Maryland, US

How to Cite

Terhune, P., McWilliams, M., Welty, C. (2026). Sulfate concentrations in Dead Run riparian soils, Baltimore County, MD, USA, HydroShare, http://www.hydroshare.org/resource/61ad9b09a8b247349f99c846f9913088

This resource is shared under the Creative Commons Attribution CC BY.

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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