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Agreement and uncertainty among climate change impact models: A synthesis of sagebrush steppe vegetation predictions


An older version of this resource https://doi.org/10.4211/hs.3b420b738128411e8e1e11b38b83b5f1 is available.
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Created: Jun 10, 2020 at 6:18 p.m.
Last updated: Feb 02, 2024 at 7:34 a.m.
DOI: 10.4211/hs.e6b15828d20843eab4e2babd89787f41
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Content types: Geographic Feature Content  Geographic Raster Content 
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Abstract

Ecologists have built numerous models to project how climate change will impact rangeland vegetation, but these projections are difficult to validate, making their utility for land management planning unclear. In the absence of direct validation, researchers can ask whether projections from different models are consistent. Here, we analyzed 42 models of climate change impacts on sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.), cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.), pinyon-juniper (Pinus L. spp. and Juniperus L. spp.), and forage production on Bureau of Land Management (BLM) lands in the United States Intermountain West. These models consistently projected the potential for pinyon-juniper declines and forage production increases. Sagebrush models consistently projected no change in most areas, and declines in southern extremes. In contrast, projected impacts on cheatgrass were weak or uncertain. In most instances, projections for high and low emissions scenarios differed only slightly.

The projected vegetation impacts have important management implications for agencies such as the BLM. Pinyon-juniper declines would reduce the need to control pinyon-juniper encroachment, and increases in forage production could benefit livestock and wildlife populations in some regions. Sagebrush conservation and restoration projects may be challenged in areas projected to experience sagebrush declines. However, projected vegetation impacts may also interact with increasing future wildfire risk in ways single-response models do not anticipate. In particular, projected increases in forage production could increase management challenges related to fire.

Included in this page are the data, code, and directions used to complete this analysis and visualize results. This includes the original images of model results used in our analysis, and the code used to process and analyze these images to produce our final results.

Subject Keywords

Coverage

Spatial

Coordinate System/Geographic Projection:
WGS 84 EPSG:4326
Coordinate Units:
Decimal degrees
Place/Area Name:
U.S. Intermountain West
North Latitude
50.0991°
East Longitude
-102.1032°
South Latitude
30.0401°
West Longitude
-121.7907°

Content

Readme.txt

Included on this page are the code and data used in our analysis "Agreement and uncertainty among climate change 
impact models: A synthesis of sagebrush steppe vegetation predictions"

The resources included in this repository are:

Contents
	draft2_zimmer_et_al_2020.pdf - second draft of final manuscript
	draft2_zimmer_et_al_2020_figures.pdf - second draft of final manuscript figures
  	draft2_zimmer_et_al_2020_supplement.pdf - second draft of supplemental figures

   Analysis - Zipped folder with data and code 
	(NOTE: File paths in the code are written for use with the included R Project. To use, open the analysis.Rproject file,
		 and open scripts through the /scripts folder.)

	raw_images - folder with raw images of model results incoporated in our analysis
	georeferenced_rasters - rasters of model results included in our analysis, after georeferencing (done in ArcMap, no script available)
	classified_rasters - rasters of model results included in our analysis, after georeferencing 
		             and unsupervised classification
	recoded_rasters - rasters of model results included in our analysis, after georeferencing, 
		          unsupervised classification, and recoding values to values indicating increases, 
		          decreases, and no change in vegetation
	masked_rasters - rasters of model results included in our analysis, after georeferencing, 
		          unsupervised classification, recoding values, and eliminating pixels not overlapping
			 BLM lands or the Intermountain West
	count_stacks - raster stacks corresponding to counts of models projecting increases, decreases, or no change
			pixel-by-pixel. These stacks are made for each vegetation type, and for all emissions scenario results, 
			low emissions results, and high emissions results
	renwick_supp_shp - supplemental CSV data from the renwick study, converted into shapefile results
	data - folder with additional data used in analysis
			renwick_supp.csv - CSV of supplemental results from Renwick et al 2018 used in analysis
			study_metadata.csv - CSV of important metadata in reference to the studies and individual 
					     models included in our analysis
			gis - folder of gis layers used in analysis. These include BLM land, ecoregions and states
       scripts - folder of R scripts/code used in analysis
		1_make_shp_from_renwick_results.R - takes the data from renwick_supp.csv and makes it into shapefiles which can be 
				analyzed like other results
		2_unsupervised_classification.R - takes the georeferenced_rasters and performs an unsupervised
				classification to identify similar pixel groups
		3_recoding_rasters.R - recodes the values in the classified_rasters to correspond to increases, decreases, or no change
		4_mask_rasters.R - takes the recoded_rasters and eliminates areas not corresponding to Intermountain West BLM lands
		5_make_stack_all_emissions.R
		6_make_stack_low_emissions.R
		7_make_stack_high_emissions.R
			The above three scripts process the masked all/low/high emissions scenario results for each species, resample
			them, then count the number of models indicating increases, decrease, or no change at each pixel. Then
			saves out a stack for each of these
		8_plotting_rgb_count_withlegend_all_emissions.R 
		9_plotting_rgb_count_withlegend_low_emissions.R
		10_plotting_rgb_count_withlegend_high_emissions.R
			The above three scripts take stacks of counts corresponding to the number of models
				indicating increases, decreases, and no change among all/low/high emissions scenarios. Then creates an
				RGB plot of those, and a legend for each species.

		supplement_rgb_legend.R - Makes a supplemental plot to show a simple example of where points with various values plot on 
			the triangle RGB legned included in plots.
		supplement_only_renwick_pixels.R - Evaluates sagebrush projections only at pixels which correspond to the
			Renwick et al study. Included in supplemental material.		

The order of this analysis is:

0. Georeference the "raw_images". This was completed in ArcMap, no script is available. 


---- Steps 1-10 are completed in R. Open the analysis.Rproject file and open the following scripts from the /scripts folder. ---


1. One set of results came from a csv, which was converted to shapefiles for spatial analysis. This is completed by the script 
	"1_make_shp_from_renwick_results.R"

2. Perform unsupervised classification on georeferenced_rasters to identifty similar pixel groups within images, using script
   	"2_unsupervised_classification.R"

3. Recode the values of classified_rasters. Classification gives the pixel groups arbitrary values. Recoding the values
	to make them meaningful is necessary. We recoded pixels corresponding to decreases in  vegetation as -1, pixels 
	corresponding to increases as 1, pixels corresponding to no change as 0, and pixels not addressing vegetation 
	(irrelevant background, legends, etc) as N/A. The recoding script is "3_recoding_rasters.R"

4. Mask the rasters. In this analysis, we were interested only in Intermountain West BLM lands, so pixels not 
	overlapping BLM lands in the Intermountain West were removed by masking. The masking script is "4_mask_rasters.R"

5-7. Using the masked rasters, resample and stack rasters which all address a given vegetation/emissions scenario combination.
	Then count the number of pixels indicating increases, decreases, or no change in that vegetation type at every pixel. 
	Save out the stack of pixel counts.

8-10. Make plots of RGB intensity corresponding to count of models indicating increases, decreases, and no change, using the stack
	of pixel counts. We analyzed all emissions scenarios together, then only low emissions scenarios, then only high. 

11. Manually merge together RGB plots and legends in a program such as Inkscape (no script available).

Data Services

The following web services are available for data contained in this resource. Geospatial Feature and Raster data are made available via Open Geospatial Consortium Web Services. The provided links can be copied and pasted into GIS software to access these data. Multidimensional NetCDF data are made available via a THREDDS Data Server using remote data access protocols such as OPeNDAP. Other data services may be made available in the future to support additional data types.

Additional Metadata

Name Value
Expected Results See Draft 2 of manuscript and figures in files "draft1_zimmer_et_al_2020.pdf"
Expected Reproducibility Level Artifacts available

Related Resources

This resource updates and replaces a previous version Zimmer, S., G. Grosklos, P. Adler, P. Belmont (2019). Agreement and uncertainty among climate change impact models: A synthesis of sagebrush steppe vegetation predictions, HydroShare, https://doi.org/10.4211/hs.3b420b738128411e8e1e11b38b83b5f1
This resource belongs to the following collections:
Title Owners Sharing Status My Permission
Climate Adaptation Science Project Work CAS Coordinator · David Rosenberg  Public &  Shareable Open Access

Credits

Funding Agencies

This resource was created using funding from the following sources:
Agency Name Award Title Award Number
The Wilderness Society
National Science Foundation Climate Adaptation Science 1633756

How to Cite

Zimmer, S., G. Grosklos, P. Belmont, P. Adler (2020). Agreement and uncertainty among climate change impact models: A synthesis of sagebrush steppe vegetation predictions, HydroShare, https://doi.org/10.4211/hs.e6b15828d20843eab4e2babd89787f41

This resource is shared under the Creative Commons Attribution CC BY.

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
CC-BY

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